[58][59], An independent newspaper called Libya appeared in Benghazi, as well as rebel-controlled radio stations. Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (POW) Military units who joined the rebellion and many volunteers formed fighting units to defend against Jamahiriya attacks and to work to bring Tripoli under the influence of Jalil. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer", "Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels", "Last Libyan Mission for Norway's F16S To Fly Tomorrow", "Jordanian Fighters Protecting Aid Mission", "UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973", "Libya's Tribal Politics Key to Gaddafi's Fate", "Is Libya's Gaddafi Turning to Foreign Mercenaries? [74], The NTC has functioned as an interim legislature during the transitional period. It also adopted Law 37, prohibiting the publication of "propaganda" criticising the revolution, questioning the authority of Libya's governing organs, or praising Muammar Gaddafi, his family, his government, or the ideas of the Green Book.[334]. [333], Bani Walid was captured by local tribal fighters on 23 January, due to the NTC's perceived inability to cooperate with them. Foreign aid workers were also claiming to be prohibited from officially talking about the allegations. [97], Some of the worst economic conditions were in the eastern parts of the state, once a breadbasket of the ancient world, where Gaddafi extracted oil. [130] Protests took place in Benghazi, Ajdabiya, Derna, Zintan, and Bayda. [154] Music provided an important platform for communication among demonstrators. It's open revolt." "[182], Libya's ambassador in Malta addressed that "many people instigating unrest were arrested. Libyan American poet Khaled Mattawa penned "Now That We Have Tasted Hope" in 2011, on the heels of an uprising in Libya that led to the ousting of President Muammar Gaddafi. The conflict began with series of demonstrations and riots. These acts can be characterized as crimes against humanity, as defined in Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. There have been various disagreements and strife between local militia and tribes, including fighting on 23 January 2012 in the former Gaddafi stronghold of Bani Walid, leading to an alternative town council being established and later recognized by the National Transitional Council (NTC). [279] On 3 March, it was reported that another member of the family, Prince Zouber al-Senussi, had fled Libya with his family and was seeking asylum in Totebo, Sweden. One, the Khamis Brigade, was led by his son Khamis. [33] The war led to the death of Gaddafi in October, and of thousands of other people. [383], Many states and supranational bodies condemned Gaddafi's government over disputed allegations of air attacks on civilian targets within the country. Although Libya is largely desert and poor in natural resources, oil has been an important commodity in … They are killing people, normal workers, mistreating them. Il a été tué d’une balle dans la tête et son Some evacuations were successful to Malta or via land borders to Egypt or Tunisia; other attempts were hindered by tarmac damage at Benghazi's airport or refusals of permission to land in Tripoli. According to Moreno-Ocampo, "shooting at protesters was systematic". Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan. He concluded, "What we saw in Tahrir Square, and in Tunisia, was a clear situation. [238][239] International journalists were banned by the Libyan authorities from reporting from Libya except by invitation of the Gaddafi government. The staff of a number of diplomatic missions of Libya have either resigned or condemned the actions of the Gaddafi government. On 24 February, Libya's ambassador to Malta said that Gaddafi's government believed the number of dead to be about 300, including civilians, police officers, and soldiers. "[256], In response to the use of force against protesters, a number of senior Libyan public officials either renounced the Gaddafi government or resigned from their positions. [115][116] Until the mid-1980s, Libya's intelligence service conducted assassinations of Libyan dissidents around the world. [363] Migrants were also stranded elsewhere in Libya, such as in the southern towns of Sebha and Gatroum. La guerre de Libye (2011) publié le 3 septembre 2014. [71] The National Transitional Council "declared the liberation of Libya" and the official end of the war on 23 October 2011.[72]. Why? [240][241][242] Mustafa Jalil[43](Commander-in-Chief) Omar El-Hariri[44] Jalal al-Digheily Khalifa Haftar Abdelhakim Belhaj Abdul Fatah Younis † Suleiman Mahmoud[45] Hamad bin Ali Al Attiyah, 17,000 defected soldiers and volunteers[48][failed verification] It began in the middle of February 2011. [231], A witness stated that mercenaries were more willing to kill demonstrators than Libyan forces were, and earned a reputation as among the most brutal forces employed by the government. "[374], In 2014 a former Gaddafi officer reported to the New York Times that the civil war was now an "ethnic struggle" between Arab tribes (like the Zintanis) against those of Turkish ancestry (like the Misuratis), as well as against the Berbers and Circassians. [318] The NTC captured the whole of Sirte on 20 October 2011, and reported that Gaddafi himself had been killed in the city. [248] Libyan citizen journalist Mohammed Nabbous was shot in the head by Gaddafi's soldiers soon after exposing the Gaddafi government's false reports related to the cease-fire declaration. In March, the Swedish government donated medical supplies and other humanitarian aid and the UN World Food Programme provided food. [391], 2011 armed conflict in the North African country of Libya, This article is about the civil war in 2011. In Benghazi "the February 17 Brigade" was a powerful Islamist group composed of 12 different brigades. The New York Times reported rebel leaders as saying they believed the only areas still under Gaddafi's control, other than the immediate neighbourhood of Bab al-Azizia, were al-Hadhba and Abu Salim, the latter including the Rixos Hotel where a group of foreign journalists had been trapped for days. [74] Eight NTC fighters were killed and at least 25 wounded, with the rest fleeing the city. [255] The Jamahiriya News Agency reported on a speech delivered by Leader Gaddafi to Misrata tribes in Tripoli, in which he said that the rebels "used children and women as human shields. [167] Many Islamists were part of the rebel movement in both eastern and western Libya. The Khamis Brigade, run by Gaddafi's son Khamis, rolled in and nearly destroyed the entire city. This was succeeded by race riots, which were squashed by the police and pro-Gaddafi loyalists. [165] Some of the rebels opposed tribalism and wore vests bearing slogans such as "No to tribalism, no to factionalism". [166], The rebels primarily included civilians, such as teachers, students, lawyers, and oil workers, but also defected police officers and professional soldiers. [177][178] Gaddafi later also stated that the revolt against his rule was the result of a colonialist plot by foreign states, particularly blaming France, the US and the UK, to control oil and enslave the Libyan people. If you do that, it means (that the) one-third of the population of Libya, which is black, is also mercenaries. Libyan authorities also argued that no one in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya suffered from extreme poverty and hunger, and that the government guaranteed a minimum of food and essential needs to people with low incomes. He also blamed alcohol. On February 16, 2011 Libyan protesters clashed with police in an anti-government demonstration inspired by the uprisings that brought down the rulers of Libya's neighbors, Egypt and Tunisia. An Al-Jazeera journalist Ali Hassan al-Jaber was murdered, and was apparently deliberately targeted. [358][359] The Islamic Relief and the WFP also coordinated a shipment of humanitarian supplies to Misrata. [196] In Tripoli, "death squads" of mercenaries and Revolutionary Committees members reportedly patrolled the streets and shot people who tried to take the dead off the streets or gather in groups. [303][304] On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of targeting ground units remained with coalition forces. The regime of Muammar al-Qaddafi, however, violently resisted the uprising, leading to civil war and international military intervention. [188], In a 17 March 2011 interview, shortly before the military intervention, Muammar Gaddafi's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi said that "armed militia" fighters in Benghazi were killing children and terrorizing the population. [130], The protests would lead to an uprising and civil war, as part of the wider Arab Spring,[131][132] which had already resulted in the ousting of long-term presidents of adjacent Tunisia and Egypt. [91][92], Libya's economy is structured primarily around the nation's energy sector, which generates about 95% of export earnings, 80% of GDP, and 99% of government income. [360], The Sunday Telegraph reported on 11 September that almost the entire population of Tawergha, a town of about 10,000 people, had been forced to flee their homes by anti-Gaddafi fighters after their takeover of the settlement. Newer states mostly enforced the no-fly zone and naval blockade or provided military logistical assistance. [215] According to David Roberts' analysis published by Foreign Policy, Belhaj – a "politically radioactive personality" – met with NATO officials at the end of August 2011 "under Qatar auspices. [205], In late April, United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice alleged that soldiers loyal to Gaddafi were given Viagra and encouraged to commit rapes in rebel-held or disputed areas. Gaddafi vowed to hunt them down and "clean Libya house by house" until all rebels are gone. He officially stepped down from power in 1977, and subsequently claimed to be merely a "symbolic figurehead" until 2011, with the Libyan government up until then also denying that he held any power. The General People's Congress announced that, of 468 Basic People's Congresses, 64 chose immediate implementation while 251 endorsed implementation "but asked for (it) to be delayed until appropriate measures were put in place". There were also several solidarity protests in other countries that were mostly composed of Libyan expatriates. [214], Abdel Hakim Belhaj, the leader of Tripoli Military Council who had previously served as the leader of the 2004 U.S. terrorist-designated Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), was among the privileged recipients of shipments from Qatar. However, some of Gaddafi's soldiers began joining the rebels in protest. Al-quaeda started bombing. The conflict grew as thousands of people joined the protests. "[215], The three columnists reported anonymous sources described as "people familiar with the shipments" who confirmed that 18 weapons shipments were delivered to rebel forces between spring and summer 2011, mostly independently from the mediation of the National Transitional Council. A subsidiary of Bull developed a software called Eagle which enabled Gaddafi to monitor internet traffic and which was implemented in Libya in 2008 and with better performance in 2010. [280], By 23 February, Gaddafi was suffering from the resignations and defections of close allies,[281] from the loss of Benghazi,[282] the fall of Tobruk, Misrata, Bayda, Zawiya, Zuwara, Sabratha, Sorman,[281][283] and mounting international isolation and pressure. Marchers hurled Molotov cocktails in a downtown square in Benghazi, damaging cars, blocking roads, and hurling rocks. The later British parliament's Foreign Affairs Select Committee inquiry concluded that by summer 2011 British policy had become one of regime change. Muammar Gaddafi was the head of the Free Officers, a group of Arab nationalists that deposed King Idris I in 1969 in a "bloodless coup. "[113] A number of restrictions were also allegedly placed on the power of the Revolutionary Committees by the Gaddafi government, leading to a resurgence in the Libyan state's popularity by the early 1990s. 200,000 volunteers by war's end(NTC estimate)[49]. [275] He also stated that he will support any form of government that Libya will choose after Gaddafi including a constitutional monarchy. ", "На стороне Каддафи воюют белорусские партизаны", "Белорусские военные позволяют армии Каддафи противостоять НАТО", "Libya's Opposition Leadership Comes into Focus", "Nato strike 'kills Gaddafi's youngest son, "Feature Report – Long summer of civil war in Libya", "Jordan begins Libya police training programme", "Gadhafi Asks Obama To Call Off NATO Military Campaign", "Libya: How the Opposing Sides Are Armed", "Prisoners in Libya languish without charge", "Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war", "Libyan Rebels Accused of Arbitrary Arrests, Torture", "There Was No Libyan Peaceful Protest,     :      Information Clearing House: ICH", "UN silent despite no basis for NATO's illegal war on Libya - Scoop News", "Libyan rebel commander admits his fighters have al-Qaeda links", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)&oldid=6891293, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, 5,904–6,626 opposition fighters and supporters killed (other estimates: see, 3,309–4,227 soldiers killed (other estimates: see. [250] The plan included abolishing all ministries except those of defence, internal security, and foreign affairs, and departments implementing strategic projects. [100], Several foreign governments and analysts have stated that a large share of the business enterprise was controlled by Gaddafi, his family, and the government. [189] In multiple incidents, Gaddafi's forces were documented using ambulances in their attacks. According to Michel Koutouzis, who does research on security issues for the EU institutions, the UN and the French government, "In Libyan society, there is a taboo against killing people from your own tribal group. Online. Libye je stát v severní Africe u Středozemního moře.Jejími sousedy jsou Egypt, Súdán, Čad, Niger, Alžírsko a Tunisko.Jméno státu má původ ve starořeckém mýtu o Libyi.V roce 2011 zde proběhla občanská válka mezi stoupenci Kaddáfího džamáhíríje a povstalci zastupovanými Národní přechodnou radou a podporovanými NATO.Válka skončila vítězstvím povstalců. Financial markets around the world had adverse reactions to the instability, with oil prices rising to a ​2.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} 1⁄2-year high. "[106] Gaddafi urged a sweeping reform of the government bureaucracy, suggesting that most of the cabinet system should be dismantled to "free Libyans from red tape" and "protect the state's budget from corruption". [336] The numbers of injured were estimated to be around 4,000 by 22 February. [249], After the uprising began, Libyan students studying in the United States allegedly received phone calls from the Libyan embassy, instructing them to join pro-Gaddafi rallies, and threatening the loss of their government-funded scholarships if they refused. Injured protesters were either summarily executed or had their oxygen masks, IV drips, and wires connected to the monitors removed. In general, the normative framework applicable to international conflicts is broader and more detailed than the sum of rules that apply in conflicts not of an international character. [154], Many opposition participants called for a return to the 1952 constitution and a transition to multi-party democracy. The statement added: "The clashes last night were between small groups of people – up to 150. [81], Both Gaddafi and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, however, officially denied that he held any power, but said that he was merely a symbolic figurehead. [154], Some groups, such as a rock band from Benghazi called the "Guys Underground", used metaphors to cloak the censure of the authorities. [344], The qualification of the Libyan conflict is the subject of some academic controversy. Middle East/North Africa Report N°107", "Libye: de nouveaux morts lors d'une opération des forces libyennes", "Libyan demonstrators Say They'll Soldier on Despite Violent Crackdown", "Hip-hop is a soundtrack to the North African revolt", "Ibn Thabit: The Beat Behind Libya's Revolution", "In Eastern Libya, Defectors and Volunteers Build Rebel Army", "Pizza delivery service caters to Libya's front-line rebels", "World raises pressure on Libya, battles for key towns", "Why Won't You Help, Libyan Rebels Ask West", "As Tide Turns, Rebels' Dream Of 'Free Libya' Dims", "Libya After Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future", "The Most Troubling Reports About the Libyan Rebels", "Islamist Militia 'Shot Libya Rebel Abdel Fattah Younes, "Upbeat Gaddafi Fires Trademark Blast at West and Qaeda", "Libya: al-Qaeda Among Libya Rebels, Nato Chief Fears", "Halt To Rebel Advance Creates Libyan Divide", "Libya rebels: Gaddafi could be right about al-Qaeda", "WikiLeaks: Guantanamo detainee is now Libyan rebel leader", "Gaddafi Says Protesters Are on Hallucinogenic Drugs", "Yemen Blames Israel and US; Qaddafi Accuses US – and al-Qaeda", "Three Scenarios for End of Gaddafi: Psychologist", "Gaddafi Warns of al-Qaeda Spread 'Up to Israel, "Gaddafi addresses Benghazi residents – Africa", "The Tyrant of Belarus: Gaddafi's Friend Far, Far to the North? BBC cited a Libyan who said that teachers who called it "rubbish" could face execution. "Clash breaks out as Libya braces for 'day of anger, "Violent Protests Rock Libyan City of Benghazi", "Libya protests: Second city Benghazi hit by violence", "What happened next? The allegations surfaced in an Al Jazeera report the previous month from Libya-based doctors, who claimed to have found Viagra in the pockets of government soldiers. [251], Gaddafi's aides also organized tours for foreign journalists in Tripoli. Independent numbers of dead and injured in the conflict have still not been made available. [73][74] A much greater issue has been the role of militias which fought in the civil war and their role in the new Libya. On 24 February, as-Senussi gave an interview to Al Jazeera where he called upon the international community to help remove Gaddafi from power and stop the ongoing "massacre". [278] In March, it was reported Idris bin Abdullah had held meetings at the State Department and Congress in Washington with US government officials. [99] Some Libyans said that they had found abandoned torture chambers and devices that had been used in the past. Many Libyans were inspired by the uprisings in neighbouring countries, such as Tunisia and Egypt. By contrast, regular military units were poorly armed and trained, and were armed with largely outdated military equipment. THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA. Military Intervention in Libya", "UNHCR concerned as sub-Saharan Africans targeted in Libya", "Libyan Rebels Wary Of Sub-Saharan Africans", "Libya: Fears for detainees held by anti-Gaddafi forces", "Blacks in Libya Face Danger From Rebels", "Elders hold talks over Gaddafi stronghold", "African women say rebels raped them in Libyan camp", "Gaddafi's ghost town after the loyalists retreat", "Strife in Libya Could Presage Long Civil War", "At a Tense Border Crossing, a Systematic Effort To Keep Black Africans Out", "Libyan Refugee Crisis Called a 'Logistical Nightmare'", "Libya: More Aid To Reach Misrata and Other Areas", "Libya's Arabian Gulf Oil Co Hopes To Fund Rebels Via Crude Sales-FT", "Update 1-Libyan Islamic Leaders Urge Muslims To Rebel", "Libya Crisis: What Role Do Tribal Loyalties Play? Ping said that for the rebels, "All blacks are mercenaries. The boy, who had previously been a shepherd in Chad, told that a Libyan man had offered him a job and a free flight to Tripoli, but in the end he had been airlifted to shoot opposition members in Eastern Libya. According to NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent, Richard Engel, who entered Libya and had reached the city of Tobruk on 22 February 2011 was quoted as saying, "the protest movement is no longer a protest movement, it's a war. They took Tripoli in August. Music has been controlled and dissenting cultural figures have been arrested or tortured in Arab Spring countries, including Libya. [218] According to the Reuters report, Qatar was already marketing crude petroleum from oil fields in the territories controlled by the rebels and had sent "gasoline, diesel and liquefied petroleum gas" in the same areas. La première guerre civile libyenne, ou révolution libyenne, est un conflit armé issu d'un mouvement de contestation populaire, assorti de revendications sociales et politiques, qui s'est déroulé entre le 15 février 2011 et le 23 octobre 2011 en Libye. He also promised that international monitors would be included to ensure fair elections. "[151], Towards the end of February, it was reported that the Gaddafi government had suppressed protests in Tripoli by distributing automobiles, money and weapons for hired followers to drive around Tripoli and attack people showing signs of dissent. ", "Qaddafi Survival Means Weak Army, Co-Opted Tribes", "Gadhafi's Military Muscle Concentrated In Elite Units", "Video Libyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi's Forces Facing Modern Firepower From RAF", 'Libya's national assembly elects former diplomat as prime minister,', 'An Erratic Leader, Brutal and Defiant to the End,', 'Libya crisis: what role do tribal loyalties play?,', "Uprisings in the Region and Ignored Indicators", "Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results", "Libya's Jobless Rate at 20.7 Percent: Report", "Dispatch from Libya: Why Benghazi Rebelled", "Lesson from Libya: Despotism, Poverty and Risk", "Shady Dealings Helped Qaddafi Build Fortune and Regime", "Hoard of Cash Lets Qaddafi Extend Fight Against Rebels", "Libya's Gaddafi tells govt to hand out oil money", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Gaddafi threatens to abolish government ministries", "Libyan congresses delay Gaddafi's oil shareout plan", "Freedom of the Press 2009 – Table of Global Press Freedom Rankings", "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "U.N. Human Rights Council resolution: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (2010)", "Libya and the U.S.: Qadhafi Unrepentant", "Al-Qadhafi Suggests Libyan Elections May Be In The Offing", "What now for Colonel Gadaffi's Green Book? [215] Cleric Ali al-Sallabi allegedly served as a primary "conduit for Qatari humanitarian aid, money and arms" and helped to direct more than a dozen of the Qatari shipments. "[218] The Qatari banks involved in talks with delegates from the National Transitional Council were Qatar Islamic Bank and Qatar National Bank. … [66][67] Throughout the conflict, rebels rejected government offers of a ceasefire and efforts by the African Union to end the fighting because the plans set forth did not include the removal of Gaddafi. See, e.g., Kolb, Robert and Hyde, Richard. [83][84][85], By the end of Gaddafi's 42-year rule, Libya's population had a per capita income of $14,000, though a third was estimated to still live below the national poverty line.