"Is the Tunisian regime feminist from political necessity and pleaded seemingly hollowly to mask its democratic deficit, or from modernist conviction?". �L�1��]geX4������I��RQ�%��XC��6O���X��nlA�����$���mQ�C��=�H�!y�5��#�3�kڀ���N�� �n'm�zQ赨����M�e=D���9L`���p��&����pbU�H~�0�T�Ӄ6��T]��4)� ��H����cd؀�"D߰\�%N}��q!wojK��˷��g��:f�н�i�e�G�Z����K�t̼�эy}Y�YaQ�z7�I�z?f�RDe��``���7^���-~�ǁ0� yZ9�z7�Y��E�O�h�T�x�=7��Y�M���+�C�C����!�q�r������){��N��ڐ�| 93-66 of July 5, 1993 reaffirmed that: "There can be no discrimination between men and women in the application of the dispositions of the Code. Le Code du statut personnel tunisien ( CSP ) nécessite-t-il un amendement, 60 ans après sa promulgation, à la lumière de la Constitution de 2014? This explained that the future of Islamic civilization depends on its modernization. 0000329547 00000 n On September 7, he asked members of the religious courts for their opinions concerning the Code's conformity with religious law. On August 20, 1956, this last sent a letter to Ahmed Mestiri, in which he called for revision of certain articles of the Code, of which those related to the prohibition of polygamy and the creation of a procedure for divorce. The failure of Haddad to bring into effect his wishes while alive is registered in Habib Bourguiba's later success: "He (Haddad) occupies an important place in the history of social and political ideas in Tunisia.". 0000330105 00000 n Sa dernière réforme est intervenue avec la loi n° 93-74 du 12 juillet 1993. Par Lilia Labidi. Le Code du statut personnel ouvert et moderne qui existe en Tunisie depuis plus de quarante ans, est lié à une prise de conscience du rapport entre I'homme et la femme qui désormais marque, en profondeur, la société tunisienne. The hijab, little in use, made its appearance in the 2000s as a return to a mythical Arab Islamic authenticity, the influence of foreign television networks and the context following the attacks on September 11, 2001 could constitute a complementary explanation. In October, 1997, during Ben Ali's official visit to France, defenders of the Tunisian regime produced the status of women in dismissing criticism from organizations promoting human rights. The majority of the religious leaders had benefiting from their own daughters being advantaged by the changes in society. This to the end of not committing injustice." 0000331486 00000 n Although his declaration can be considered sincere—other expositions indeed demonstrate a certain hostility to the period's domestic tradition—it is to be recalled that his mother's memory played no fundamental role in his political positions concerning the feminine condition during the French protectorate. Présentation; Titre: A law of March 1958 imposed civil marriage and on December 14, 1960, another law limited to four the number of children benefiting from family allowances. Although all feminist projects seeking clear recognition of the two sexes were not carried to term, reforms inclined towards a sharing of authority between the two spouses instead of the exclusive authority of the father. This sura states that: "It is permitted to marry two, three or four among the women who please you, but if you fear not being just towards them, then only one, or some slaves that you possess. Alerte Google : "code du statut personnel" Showing 1-31 of 31 messages. The Code of Personal Status (CPS) (Arabic: مجلة الأحوال الشخصية‎) is a series of progressive Tunisian laws aiming at the institution of equality between women and men in a number of areas. Certainly, Tunisian public services are accessible to all without distinction of creed and the constitution guarantees religious freedom, so long as it does not threaten public order, but Islam remains the state religion, to the extent that it is said it is obligatory for the president of the republic to be able to assert it. Soumettre une succession. 0000004186 00000 n Les dispositions du présent chapitre s'appliqueront indifféremment aux interdits qu'ils soient de sexe masculin ou de sexe féminin. Code du statut personnel (Tunisie) Proposé par : Cimoi 2 avril 2008 à 17:41 (CEST) Dans le cadre du projet Tunisie et du Wikiconcours, j'ai amélioré cet article qui présente de façon précise et synthétique le sujet.Au terme de son passage en BA, quelques détails ont été arrangés, si vous avez des suggestions ou des questions, elles sont bien sûr les bienvenues. Muhammad Baraket and Domenic Tabutin estimate that two-thirds of the reduction in births during the period 1966-1975 is the demographic consequences of these measures. - Code du statut personnel - Loi du 3 juin 1966 réaménageant la garde des enfants - Loi du 18 février 1981 modifiant certaines dispositions du code de statut personnel relatives au divorce et à la tutelle. In this same case, consent for the marriage of a minor must be given by the closest parent who must fulfil three conditions, namely being of sound mind, adult and masculine.". In 1959, Safia Farhat and Bouzid co-founded the magazine Faiza, which, although it ceased publication in December 1969, remained famous in the Maghrib and more generally in Africa, as the first Arab-African feminine francophone magazine. 104 dated 28 December 1956. 517 0 obj <> endobj This same court did not rule except in a case brought through the mutual consent of both spouses and in the case of the request of one of the partners as the result of harm of which that spouse was the victim. But then, in behaving this way one destroys at one blow the fervour and veneration that we all owe to the sacred. This series of reforms, although it fell short of the customary norm, which can be illustrated by the introductory adoption in 1958 unknown in Muslim lands and from the full adoption in 1959, never breaks with religion. This forced the religious authorities likewise to interpret the Koran in a way that accepted the fact that women could receive an education and participate in the social life of the country. daccess-ods.un.org. Radhia Haddad écrit dans son autobiographie Parole de femme : 0000005210 00000 n In Tunisia, the pursuit of political feminism is so very necessary as it constitutes a main argument in the country's favourable image in the West. In practise, on September 14, 1965, Tunisia ratified the International Labour Organization's Convention number 111 concerning discrimination in the matter of employment and profession. However, in perusing "the ways and means of permitting the promotion and strengthening the achievements of women without altering our Arab Muslim identity," Ben Ali on August 13, 1993, fixed the limits he considered impassable: The Tunisian minister in charge of women and the family on February 9, 1994, affirmed for her part in the French senate and taking some liberties with history: "When Bourguiba promulgated the Code, he did so in the name of Sharia and Islam.". Décret du 13 août 1956, portant promulgation du Code du Statut Personnel. Tunisie: Code du statut personnel. As early as 1868, Hayreddin Pasha wrote "The Surest Way to an Understanding of the State of Nations" in Arabic. 0000006347 00000 n In the years following independence, women obtained the right to work, to move, to open bank accounts and to establish businesses without the permission of their husbands being sought. On August 3, secular courts replaced religious courts as the high court for the application of Islamic law, while the law of September 27, 1957 closed the rabbinical court of Tunis. Drafted by fifteen jurists, the majority Arabic speakers, under the supervision of the Justice Minister, Ahmad Mestiri, the Code was voted in the wake of independence and even before the drafting of the constitution. DANS LE NOUVEAU CODE TUNISIEN DU STATUT PERSONNEL (Loi no 59-77 du 19 juin 1959) Le Journal Officiel Tunisien des 23/26 juin 1959, dans sa double edition arabe et frangaise, a publie le texte d'une loi dont l'objet etait d'ajouter un article 143 bis au Livre IX, 1930 to 19341934 to 19391939 to 19451945 to 19491949 to 1956. As for the Muslim union and the cells destourian women created in 1951-1952, they did not begin to call for the right to vote and eligibility for office until 1955. 72 Invités, 0 Membres Statistiques courantes : Total des membres: 4 107 Total des messages: 18 966 Total des sujets: 5 729 Total des catégories: 22 Total des sections: 55 Indeed, on this issue he could not refer to the Koran to justify himself, as the text is clear: "To sons, a part equal to that of two daughters." 0000000016 00000 n He demonstrated there the possibility of compatibility between Islam and modernity. Bourguiba referred to a sura of the Koran to justify this measure: "We have abided by the spirit of the Holy Book... which indicates monogamy. Le droit des successions est régi par les articles 85 et suivants du CSP. Le Code du statut personnel (arabe : مجلة الأحوال الشخصية) ou CSP consiste en une série de lois progressistes tunisiennes, promulguées le 13 août 1956 par décret beylical puis entrées en vigueur le 1 er janvier 1957, visant à l'instauration de l'égalité entre l'homme et la femme dans nombre de domaines. Polygamy, although rather marginal in the period, is likewise forbidden, even if the second union is not "formal:" "Whosoever being engaged in the bonds of matrimony shall contract another before the dissolution of the preceding shall be liable to a year's imprisonment and to a fine." Le code du statut personnel (tunisien) a cette double particularité d’être inspiré de la shariaa d’un coté et de s’en écarter de l’autre »4. Moreover, on November 1, 1983, Bourguiba named two women ministers, Fathia Mzali to the Ministry of the family and of the Advancement of Women and Souad Yaacoubi to Public Health. 0000008292 00000 n Mes pensées. AFRICA24. Putting this change into practice could equally be illustrated by the creation in 1991 of the Centre for Research, Studies, Documentation and Information on Woman and setting up at the ministerial level a national commission "Women and Development," charged with studying the role of women in development in the context of the preparation for the Eighth Economic Plan (1992–1996). The Code, to the contrary, instituted a divorce procedure that "could not take place except before a court" which decided "the dissolution of the marriage." they were almost all dismissed or forced to retire. Bourguiba is declared to be a mujtahid and not a Kemalist, because he reproached the Turkist leader as too removed from society. But the right to education remained the only one unanimously sought by feminine organizations. This is the official consolidation. Concretely, Tunisian women are very involved in society, as they represent 58.1 per cent of students in higher education. La Tunisie présente un modèle de code de statut personnel unique et exceptionnel par rapport aux autres pays arabes. Il porte le nom de Magâlla. and while glorifying Tunisia's "Arab-Islamic" identity. Son commentaire de la Moudawwana, autrement dit, du Code du statut personnel marocain, promulgué en 1957-1958, a été conçu dans le même esprit, et suivant le même plan que celui qu'il avait consacré, il y a quelques années, au Code du statut personnel tunisien. 72 Invités, 0 Membres Statistiques courantes : Total des membres: 4 107 Total des messages: 18 966 Total des sujets: 5 729 Total des catégories: 22 Total des sections: 55 Bonjour Interrogez votre notaire tunisien. Si le code du statut personnel ne nous a pas paru en mesure de s'accommoder de la laïcité dans le sens organique du terme, c'est parce que, dans sa genèse, la notion de laïcité semble étrangère au droit musulman et, par voie de conséquence, aux droits des pays arabo-musulmans qui le pendraient pour source, dont le droit tunisien. Tag: Code du statut personnel tunisie. En vue de l’instauration de l’égalité entre hommes et femmes, le code du statut personnel (CSP) a été promulgué le 13 août 1956, cinq mois après l’indépendance de la Tunisie, constituant ainsi un acte avant-gardiste et émancipateur des femmes de la république Tunisienne. Il est vrai que le Code du statut personnel tunisien a aboli en Tunisie depuis 1956 la polygamie et la répudiation pratiquée jadis sous forme d’un acte rédigé chez le notaire à la demande de l’époux prévoyant de rompre unilatéralement le mariage qui le lie à son épouse. 0000325661 00000 n 5 Cependant le statut personnel ne fut pas intégré dans le code civil, comme c’est le cas dans le droit français, même s’il en faisait partie. Thus, the dowry, although it does not constitute a cause for divorce in cases of default payment, still exists, the husband's home is the only one that may be considered the family residence and inheritance is completely unequal, as sharia grants to men a share double that of women (one of the rare cases where Islamic law is applied in Tunisia). 0000004644 00000 n Données clés. Au-delà du Code du Statut personnel … ! On February 9, 1994, "Tunisian Women's Day" was organized by the French senate under the title "Tunisia, an Assumed Modernity." Code du statut personnel Tunisien - L’acte de mariage (authentique) est conclu en Tunisie par-devant deux notaires ou devant l’Officier de l’état civil en présence de deux témoins honorables. In connection with profession, a new article of the labor code, no. The Union of women and the Union of girls belonging to the Communist party agitated especially in the social and labour domains. The feminist question is a recurring theme in Tunisia, more than in all the other countries of the Maghrib, and the country is from that point of view "atypical" of the region. How abase ourselves to this functioning of an intelligent animal?". %%EOF Vu Notre décret du 12 juillet 1956 (30 doulhidja 1375), fixant le statut personnel des Tunisiens non musulmans et non israélites, Vu Notre décret du 3 août 1956 (25 doulhidja 1375), portant modification de certains articles du Code tunisien de procédure civile, From this point of view, the Code was not promulgated under any feminist pressure, that, when it existed, was usually directed to other ideals. Vu Notre décret du 12 juillet 1956 (30 doulhidja 1375), fixant le statut personnel des Tunisiens non musulmans et non israélites, Vu Notre décret du 3 août 1956 (25 doulhidja 1375), portant modification de certains articles du Code tunisien de procédure civile, Vu l'avis du conseil des Ministres, This absence of new reforms can be explained in different ways: the deterioration of the president's health, the delayed reaction of conservatives remaining reserved in the course of preceding decades and the resistance of society shaken to its foundations. Reforms were carried out in 1993. 0 The Code of Personal Status (CPS) (Arabic: مجلة الأحوال الشخصية‎) is a series of progressive Tunisian laws aiming at the institution of equality between women and men in a number of areas. 0000007001 00000 n Furthermore, each of the measures taken in drawing up the Code was accompanied by justification provided from a liberal interpretation of Muslim law. daccess-ods.un.org. The Code was promulgated by Decree of 13 August 1956, which was published in the Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne No. Nevertheless, unemployment affects women disproportionately, 16.7 per cent in 2004 compared to 12.9 per cent for men. Since 1956, all responsible authorities, notably the Minister of Justice, Ahmad Mestiri and the different directors of UNFT, recalled on many occasions that the Code and successive laws were not opposed to Islam, but registered in the context of a reform of society "inside Islam." At the same time, power desired the destabilization of the Marxist left and encouraged the founding of the Association for the Preservation of the Koran in January 1968 which contributed to the birth of the Islamist party Ennahda. Les empêchements permanents sont ceux relatifs à la parenté (de sang, par alliance ou lié à l’allaitement) des futurs époux … The Code also prescribes that: "Each of the two spouses must treat the partner with kindness, live in good rapport and avoid all prejudice," thus abolishing the wife's obligation of obedience to her husband. I respect this religion for which have done everything so that this Islamic country not be in colonial humiliation. xref Ben Ali later granted a presidential pardon to Rached Ghannouchi, freed on May 14, 1988. Lacking women, absent from Tunisian press of the period, the magazine folded, but Ben Yahmed had made the acquaintance of Dorra Bouzid, then a student in Paris, and recruited her to relaunch the magazine. "We reaffirm here our support for these achievements and our determination to protect them and to enhance them.". CSP – Code du statut personnel tunisien. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. ", Relying in part on the support of Shayk Muhammad Fadl Ben Achour, who defended the Code's provisions as constituting the possible interpretation of Islam," a large number of religious authorities prudently fell silent or denounced the Code. [�ӓ�����Z%���o��6�W�$R3�ݛ>((O-�'�u��I᎕�g���� x�Q����ͱο@Т�w_ͱ�1�\���f��)�'$�ou�S����!���tSq�G41�:�E"�>M���۹tJ�y���n2�u�=1VX�(�>���qC�볦ͮaA\�-l��F���`���`?� 0�/�pے��i~�a �Z�i�~�U�:qB�Z�V��(�YӖ_:@���qՓ�fWP[kʖ&�"��_\}N�|Zx�w|�jN�`�r$�lƔ�[�i�n9F1FFk����g��O�N�V ���3��z6Q�*+�į)��ǧ��k�L�9��Myg+� �9�׈����:қ���Ǘ���S��?+s t�ށ��ҚJ*,܋:��z�z�B���]�h/"bNdd��O�"t)4>j?SJ��Fz�5-&5��&M���2�|mwcFCR�ε0|-�&2k�������b-y[��q�?J¡2N��! Their members were integrated into the body of common law magistrates. The reference to Islam, become almost ritual, even if there was also added the memory of the ancient Carthaginian past of the country in insisting on its cultural diversity, becomes more subdued by referring to speeches given between 1987 and 1989. returning to this speech, three major ideas dominate: praise of achieved and irreversible modernity, recognition of known societal advances, such as the passing of the extended family for the nuclear family, and the necessity to put into practice the advances in legal texts. . Original (en arabe) du texte integral du Code du statut personnel signé par Habib Bourguiba. Politique, L'égalité successorale soumise au Parlement La première chaîne mondiale d'information pour l'Afrique. Qui est en ligne ? The issue of virginity at marriage and the influence of religious preachers castigating on Middle Eastern television networks the Western way of life played an important role in this debate. Nous déclarons nulle et non avenue toute modification ou remises en question des droits de la femme qui sont figurés dans le Code du Statut Personnel. Later, a second series of provisions reinforced the protection of women in regard to men in repressing spousal violence more rigorously and in instituting alimony payments and in enforcing this from divorced husbands seeking to shirk this responsibility. Once more, Bourguiba justified himself by the decree of the Koran: The Code also instituted the principle of the equality of men and women in relation to citizenship. He described to as a radical reform which would make marriage a "state matter, an act that must be supervised by public law and society in its entirety." In 1976, at the UNFT's sixth congress, he openly declared that: "It is not necessary that woman exercise remunerative activities outside her home. il y a 2 ans | 3 vues. The Code formed the theme of an Arabic language documentary "Fatma 75" (1975) by Salma Baccar and produced by the anonymous Tunisian Society for the Production and Distribution of Films. Proclaimed on March 20, 1956, then promulgated on August 13 of the same year (Muharram 6, 1376) by Lamin Bey's beylical decree, the Code came into force on January 1, 1957. Les règles applicables au divorce en droit tunisien figurent aux articles 29 et suivants de ce Code. It was not until leaving 1989, once that the connection with Islamists was broken, that a new modernist discourse took its place. startxref Vu Notre décret du 12 juillet 1956 (30 doul hidja 1375), fixant le statut personnel des Tunisiens non musulmans et non israélites, Vu Notre décret du 3 août 1956 (25 doul hidja 1375), portant modification de certains articles du Code tunisien de procédure civile, Vu l'avis du conseil des Ministres, The 1980s are characterized in the same line through an immobility in terms of feminist reforms, with the exception of some advances not negotiable at the beginning of the decade: law no. Furthermore, women acquired the right to represent their children in several judicial procedures, to open and to manage a savings account for their benefit. En Tunisie, le droit de la famille est réglementé par le Code du Statut Personnel. Transfert vers Statut des femmes en Tunisie. The first strengthened the residence law to the benefit of mothers caring for children and the second harmonized the minimum marriage age to eighteen years for both sexes; the mean marriage age had reached 25 for women and 30 for men. L'article 61 du Code de statut personnel tunisien modifié par la loi du 18 janvier 1981, prévoit, pour que la tutelle du père soit effective, la perte de la garde par la mère si elle modifie sa résidence et s'installe « à une distance qui empêche le tuteur d'accomplir son devoir envers son pupille ». Son commentaire de la Moudawwana, autrement dit, du Code du statut personnel marocain, promulgué en 1957-1958, a été conçu dans le même esprit, et suivant le même plan que celui qu'il avait consacré, il y a quelques années, au Code du statut personnel tunisien. In this context, the film maker Moufida Tlatli, famous for her film "The Silences of the Palace" (1994) was heavily criticized in the magazine "Realities" for having shown her scepticism on the supposed feminism of Islam during a television broadcast in October 1994. Le Code de statut personnel tunisien a été promulgué par la loi du 13 août 1956. However, more than this modernization concern, there existed as well the need to destabilize an importance source of political opposition based on religion. L'article 23 du Code du statut personnel, tel qu'amendé par la loi n° 93-74 du 12 juillet 1993, portant modification de certains articles du Code du statut personnel, prévoit que [...] les deux époux s'entraident Bourguiba founded the Union of Tunisian Women in 1956 entrusting to it leadership in favourable publicity for his feminist policy. On August 13, 1992, on the occasion of National Woman's Day, Ben Ali gave a speech renewing Bourguiba's modernism in which he stated: "The rehabilitation of woman, the recognition of her gains and the consecration of her rights in the context of religious values to which our people are proud to adhere." Le code, dans le cas d’une famille classique, répartit ainsi la dévolution de l’actif successoral : Finally, another prescription annulled the privilege of paternal grandparents to receive support payments for children. <<31A9F056E67ADF41A027267372754CE1>]>> Women had been encouraged to limit the number of their children since the beginning of the 60s and the contraceptive pill was rendered freely accessible throughout the country, annulling thereby the French law that in 1920 outlawed all means of contraception. Les personnes successibles sont deux sortes : les héritiers réservataires et les héritiers agnats (aceb). During his first months in power, he put into place interruptions of television and radio broadcasts to broadcast the call to the five daily prayers and reopened Zitouma University, all while criticizing Bourguiba's secular "drift. As for the jurist, Yadh Ben Achour Achour, he explained in "Politics, Religion and Law in the Arab World" (1992) that "The Tunisian woman is still entangled in too many archaisms and suffers too violently the effects of social anomie to be able to benefit fully from Bourguiba's reforms.". This opposition which considered the Code "violated Islamic norms" constituted and included several figures, of which Muhammad Abdu'l Aziz, wrongly considered one of the inspirers of the Code, who judged the Code "too remote from Sharia precepts.". In this context, on the eve of independence there did not really exist a political movement strictly based on the demand for the rights of women. The arguments he presented there were subsequently adopted by Bourguiba in his speeches. In the same period Shayk Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour, who was mufti of Tunisia and rector of the University of Ez-Zitouna, issued a fatwa, result of a personal ijtihad. ... Tunisie: des centaines de résidents français rapatriés en … These two rights became official on March 14, 1957 and Tunisian women voted for the first time in municipal elections in May 1959 and later in the presidential and legislative elections of November 1959. Today, donations from living parents to daughters are considered a way to avoid the legal inequality of daughters to inherit. In the matrimonial domain, Tunisia remains often considered as a state open to the advances of the modern world. In this context, presidential feminism remains ambiguous, as is illustrated by the speech delivered during the UNFT's third congress, held between December 20–29, 1962, in which he declared that he had to protect the family and guarantee to man the faculty of being its head. Le Code du statut personnel tunisien distingue les empêchements permanents des empêchements provisoires (art. 0000335144 00000 n Le Code du statut personnel (arabe : مجلة الأحوال الشخصية) ou CSP consiste en une série de lois progressistes tunisiennes, promulguées le 13 août 1956 par. 0000327818 00000 n Bourguiba later addressed them in a speech: "As you, I am Muslim. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. In addition, between ten thousand and fifteen thousand of them are business leaders. 0000331143 00000 n He managed not to attack equality of the sexes concerning inheritance directly, the Code continuing to consider man the head of the family and expressing the fact that spouses must fulfil their conjugal duties "conforming to usage and custom" which were systematically to the advantage of the masculine interests. At the beginning of March 1988, the daily Assabah announced that an amendment of the Code aiming at the prohibition of the adoption of children was under consideration, and this provoked the reaction of forty academics of all political orientations who circulated a petition calling for, "the necessary separation of Islam and politics." The latest amendment included here is Loi N° 1993-74 of 12 July 1993. Khalifa Chater-13 août 2019. Le Code du statut personnel tunisien ( CSP ) nécessite-t-il un amendement, 60 ans après sa promulgation, à la lumière de la Constitution de 2014? At the same time the reformist newspaper Ennahda published the poems of Aboul-Qacem Echebbi, who participated to a lesser extent than Haddad in the defence of the rights of women. Code du Statut Personnel - Tunisie. Radhia Haddad recognizes Bourguiba's merits in these transformations: "If all countries have finished, one day or the other, in freeing themselves from foreign invaders, none, and surely no Arab Muslim country, has dared a social revolution to such an extent.". This page was last edited on 28 June 2020, at 07:27. Le Code du statut personnel tunisien distingue les empêchements permanents des empêchements provisoires (art. ", In 1995, other legislative innovations were voted in the allocation of the goods at the heart of a couple, recognizing the fact that the composition of the goods was made by two spouses and in divorce cases women could not be excluded in the division of joint inheritances. the new First Lady, Leïla Ben Ali, made more and more public appearances, and, as a spokesperson for her husband, gave regular speeches on the role of women in the country. The suppression of free expression and of political opposition tarnishes the country's reputation abroad. At the same time, the text obliged the wife who was in possession of goods to contribute to the family's expenses, so that the husband not have powers of administration over the wife's possessions. Vu Notre décret du 12 juillet 1956 (30 doulhidja 1375), fixant le statut personnel des Tunisiens non musulmans et non israélites, Vu Notre décret du 3 août 1956 (25 doulhidja 1375), portant modification de certains articles du Code tunisien de procédure civile, Vu l'avis du conseil des Ministres, Ce code a fait l’objet depuis 1958, de nombreuses réformes. En effet, le législateur, sous l’impulsion de Bourguiba, premier président de la République, a fait œuvre d’innovation, non seulement en choisissant la voie de la codification, mais surtout en réorganisant les rapports maritaux entre l’homme et la femme255. promulgation du Code du Statut Personnel. (J. O. R. T. n°104 du 28 décembre 1956) 54/��c"8y.����m8�=�D(P�Nm�BWPQ��X��ЏY_�l�A �Y�W�+37,H/��Ԩ� �Y��u�Be0vJ�-j$��3�� $Y ��. In 1991 a law made compulsory the education of all children. Moreover, the illiteracy rate of women ten years and older declined from 96.6 per cent in 1956 to 58.1 per cent in 1984 to 42.3 per cent in 1994 to 31 per cent in 2004; the masculine rate in 2004 was 21.2 per cent. 0000005544 00000 n Other measures consecrated the participation of the mother in the conduct of business concerning children and the obligatory consent of the mother for the marriage of her minor child. In November 1940, Muhammad Zarrouk founded the first francophone feminist magazine, Layla, which however ceased publication in July 1941, but whose name was taken up symbolically by Bashir Ben Ahmed who, on May 23, 1955, started a magazine "Layla Speaks to You"—later "Feminine Action"—in the fifth issue of his weekly "Action" (later "Africa Action" and finally "Young Action").