[365] The conditions under which such support may be accepted are outlined in the Guidelines on the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets to Support United Nations Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies (MCDA), whereby military support can be used but only temporarily and as a last resort. They violently protested against the government. Separately, the ICRC advised it was handing over its operations at the Choucha Camp to the Tunisian Red Crescent. [235] It is thought that two South African mercenaries died in that operation from a NATO air strike on Gaddafi's convoy. [62], The validity of the rape allegations is questioned by Amnesty International, which has not found evidence to back up the claims and said that there are indications that on several occasions the rebels in Benghazi appeared to have knowingly made false claims or manufactured evidence. Some academics believe that as the rebels were now the legitimate and effective government of the state of Libya, the conflict was "deinternationalised" and thus non-international in nature again. [109][110], In 2009 and 2011, the Freedom of the Press Index rated Libya the most-censored state in the Middle East and North Africa. Despite previous reports suggesting that Muammar Gaddafi may be inside, no members of the Gaddafi family were found. [115][117], In December 2009, Gaddafi reportedly told government officials that Libya would soon experience a "new political period" and would have elections for important positions such as minister-level roles and the National Security Advisor position (a Prime Minister equivalent). "[216], Over ten ammunition shipments sponsored by Qatar were allegedly delivered to anti-Gaddhafi forces via Sudan. [273] He asked for a no-fly zone over Libya but does not support foreign ground troops. [81] While placing relatives and loyal members of his tribe in central military and government positions, he skilfully marginalized supporters and rivals, thus maintaining a delicate balance of powers, stability and economic developments. [53], Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, which compiles a database of all reported fatalities due to political violence on the African continent, listed 6,109 fatalities from 15 February to 23 October 2011, of which 1,319 prior to NATO intervention. We will drown you. [335] By May 2014, conflicts between several factions in Libya had descended into a second civil war. [186], Amnesty International also reported that security forces targeted paramedics helping injured protesters. In early May 2012, it passed its most sweeping measures to date, granting immunity to former rebel fighters for acts committed during the civil war and ordering that all detainees accused of fighting for Gaddafi should be tried or released by 12 July 2012. [205], In late April, United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice alleged that soldiers loyal to Gaddafi were given Viagra and encouraged to commit rapes in rebel-held or disputed areas. [391], 2011 armed conflict in the North African country of Libya, This article is about the civil war in 2011. [240][241][242] He also said that his father made recorded calls to General Abdul Fatah Younis, who later defected to the rebel forces, in order to request not to use force against protesters, to which he said Fatah Younis responded that protesters were attacking a military site and soldiers were acting in self-defense. [213] However, Qatar's role was certainly much greater than that. Nothing else. [155][157] Lyrics of a song 'Al-Soo'al' released by Ibn Thabit on YouTube on 27 January 2011, weeks before the riots began in Libya were indicative of the rebel sentiment. Guerre en Libye : la chronologie des ... ainsi que trois petits-enfants du dirigeant libyen. On February 16, 2011 Libyan protesters clashed with police in an anti-government demonstration inspired by the uprisings that brought down the rulers of Libya's neighbors, Egypt and Tunisia. [160] The main objectives of the group was to co-ordinate resistance between towns held in rebel control, and represent the opposition to the world, but did not include forming an interim government. [365] Yet, there remains the concern that aid agencies' neutrality will be brought into question by accepting military support, putting aid staff at risk of being attacked and causing some parties to prevent the agencies accessing all the areas they need to. [201] The International Federation for Human Rights reported a case where 130 soldiers were executed. [250] [281][284][285] By the end of February, Gaddafi's government had lost control of a significant part of Libya, including the major cities of Misrata and Benghazi, and the important harbours at Ra's Lanuf and Brega. [88] Homelessness was insignificant, with literacy rates estimated at 88%, and average life expectancy rose from 51/54 in 1969 to 74/77. If you do that, it means (that the) one-third of the population of Libya, which is black, is also mercenaries. He also said that he had been receiving "thousands" of phone calls from Benghazi, from residents who were being held hostage and who wanted to be rescued. He stated that the commission was intended to be "for members of Libyan and foreign organizations of human rights" and that it will "investigate the circumstances and events that have caused many victims. Everybody is terrified because of the armed militia. This lasted until 12 March. Their war is a tradition that passes from father to son and without a motive but the rivalry between the peasants. Teachers and engineers set up a committee to collect weapons. The rebels also won in Benghazi and other places. BBC cited a Libyan who said that teachers who called it "rubbish" could face execution. A total of 1,650 cartons of fortified date bars (equivalent of 13.2 metric tons) had also been provided to supplement these meals. Adopting resolution 1973 (2011) by a vote of 10 in favour to none against, with 5 abstentions (Brazil, China, ... Libya: United Nations Security Council proposed designations [370][371] "Hundreds of thousands of sub-Saharan Africans worked in Gaddafi's Libya, doing everything from managing hotels to sweeping floors. [185], Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, in an interview with ABC on 17 March, stated that the rebels in Benghazi engaged in terror against the population. [386], The disputed allegations about the Libyan government's use of the Libyan Air Force to strike civilians led to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to create a Libyan no-fly zone on 17 March, though several countries involved in the resolution's enforcement have also carried out regular strike missions to degrade the offensive capacity of the Libyan Army and destroy the government's command and control capabilities, effectively acting in de facto support of anti-Gaddafi forces on the ground. Abdul Fatah Younis † Then, on March 6, launched a counter-offensive against Rebels. Journal of Democracy, 22(3), 35–48. Journalists and human rights researchers made daily phone calls to hundreds of civilians in government held territory. The conflict grew as thousands of people joined the protests. Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. M. (2011). [139], The protests, unrest and confrontations began in earnest on 2 February 2011. [277] On 21 February, he made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss the uprising. The First Libyan Civil War was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and foreign supported groups seeking to oust his government. [citation needed] On 10 March, the president of the ICRC Jakob Kellenberger warned of the increase in the intensity of fighting and in the number of casualties arriving at hospitals in Ajdabiya and Misrata. Article 8 of The Code on the Promotion of Freedom stated that "each citizen has the right to express his opinions and ideas openly in People's Congresses and in all mass media. [292] Seventeen days later, a multi-state coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which was taken in response to events then occurring during the conflict. In the countryside of France, two groups of boys from the rural villages of Longeverne and Velran are in constant war against each other. The International Crisis Group believes this to have been a political manoeuvre to divert attention away from himself and the Jamahiriya political system towards government officials currently in power. Directed by Valérie Donzelli. [238][239] International journalists were banned by the Libyan authorities from reporting from Libya except by invitation of the Gaddafi government. [295][296][297], From the beginning of the intervention, the coalition of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Norway, Qatar, Spain, UK and US[298][299][300][301][302] expanded to 17 states. The boy, who had previously been a shepherd in Chad, told that a Libyan man had offered him a job and a free flight to Tripoli, but in the end he had been airlifted to shoot opposition members in Eastern Libya. [223] A recruitment center for Malian soldiers leaving to Libya was found in a Bamako hotel. Mercredi 11. [190][191] Injured demonstrators were sometimes denied access to hospitals and ambulance transport. Voters Back Obama's Decision To Establish No-Fly Zone in Libya", "Qatar, several EU states up for Libya action: diplomat", "Paris Summit Talks To Launch Military Action in Libya", "Libya: President Obama Gives Gaddafi Ultimatum", "Libya: RAF Jets Join Attack on Air Defence Systems", "Deal Puts NATO at Head of Libyan Operation", "Libya No-Fly Zone Leadership Squabbles Continue Within Nato", "Phoenix:Russia government recognized The NTC of Libya as a legitimate dialogue partner", "Rebels dismiss election offer, NATO pounds Tripoli", "Gaddafi's son: Libya like McDonald's for NATO – fast war as fast food", "Gaddafi's rule crumbling as rebels enter heart of Tripoli", "Libyan rebel forces penetrate Qaddafi's compound", "Rebels Hunt Qaddafi; Journalists in Hotel Are Free", "Libya: Gaddafi son spotted in Bani Walid as heavy fighting continues", "Libyan rebels discover Gaddafi's chemical weapons", "Gaddafi determined to avoid Saddam Hussein's fate", "Ferocious fighting in Sirte as NTC tightens grip – Channel 4 News", "Gaddafi loyalists stranded as battle for Sirte rages", "Sina:Russia government recognized The NTC of Libya as the only Legal regime in Libya", "China denies report, says it did not sell weapons to Libya", "China Sought to Sell Arms to Qaddafi, Documents Suggest", "Libyans say China, Europe sent arms to Gaddafi", "spokeswoman of Chinese Foreign Ministry-Ma Chaoxu said China recognized The NTC of Libya as the only Legal regime in Libya", "Sohu:The Libyan NTC said it will be a very hardship environment to a China, Russia or India oil company to acquired a new exploration contract", "Fresh clashes in Libya's Bani Walid; U.N. says 7,000 held in militia prisons", "Abdul Jalil appoints head of Libyan armed forces, warns of civil war", "Deadly clash of militias in Libyan capital Tripoli", "Will new army chief end the bloodshed in Libya? [127][128], In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. [245], International journalists who attempted to cover the events were attacked by Gaddafi's forces. By contrast, regular military units were poorly armed and trained, and were armed with largely outdated military equipment. Libya Revolt of 2011, popular uprising in Libya inspired by the Arab Spring revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia. [215] Cleric Ali al-Sallabi allegedly served as a primary "conduit for Qatari humanitarian aid, money and arms" and helped to direct more than a dozen of the Qatari shipments. By ANDREW GLASS. Authorizes Member States that have notified the Secretary-General, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, and acting in cooperation with the Secretary-General, to take all necessary measures, notwithstanding paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011), to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occ… [313] By late afternoon the journalists trapped at the Rixos Hotel had been released while heavy fighting continued in the Abu Salim region close to Bab al-Azizia and elsewhere. Some have refused to disarm, and cooperation with the NTC has been strained, leading to demonstrations against militias and government action to disband such groups or integrate them into the Libyan military. [195], On 19 February, several days after the conflict began, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi announced the creation of a commission of inquiry into the violence, chaired by a Libyan judge, as reported on state television. [154], Many opposition participants called for a return to the 1952 constitution and a transition to multi-party democracy. [357] In early March, the fighting across Libya meant that more than a million people fleeing or inside the country needed humanitarian aid. Colonel Muammar Gaddafi sent troops and tanks to break up the rebellion. [215], According to NTC-allied officials interviewed by The Wall Street Journal, a few key figures facilitated Qatar's weapons and aid to flow directly to the rebels. Muammar Gaddafi evaded capture until 20 October 2011, when he was captured and killed in Sirte. CONFIRMÉ: des missiles Anti-Air et sol-sol son tiré de Bab Al3azeziy… (cont) Nations-Unis Le Monde intervient en Libye, avec une vitesse inhabituelle: … They live in terror. [318] The NTC captured the whole of Sirte on 20 October 2011, and reported that Gaddafi himself had been killed in the city. The Khamis Brigade, run by Gaddafi's son Khamis, rolled in and nearly destroyed the entire city. [303][304] On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of targeting ground units remained with coalition forces. [115][116] Until the mid-1980s, Libya's intelligence service conducted assassinations of Libyan dissidents around the world. Journalists were only able to use officially approved translators. Libya will show that these belonged to Al Qaeda. In addition, the report stated that there were information platforms such as newspapers and TV channels for people to express their opinions through. [314] The rebels were reported as estimating 400 people had been killed and a further 2,000 injured in the battle. [243] However, every day new footage made with cell phone cameras found its way to YouTube and the international media. The orderly said that ambulances brought in three or four corpses at a time, and that after the ice lockers were filled to capacity, bodies were placed on stretchers or the floor, and that "it was in the same at the other hospitals". [373], The town of Tawergha, which supported Gaddafi prior to its capture by anti-Gaddafi fighters in August, has been emptied of its mostly black inhabitants in what appeared to be a "major reprisal against supporters of the Gaddafi regime", according to an 11 September report from The Sunday Telegraph, and commanders of the Misrata Brigade are refusing to allow the displaced townspeople to return.