The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. High unemployment led to the collapse of the coalition government and from March 1930 various chancellors ruled through emergency powers granted by the President. The achievements and signs of this movement were mostly done away with after its downfall and the political reaction. Likewise, American progressive architects were admired. On 15 March, the first cabinet meeting was attended by the two coalition parties, representing a minority in the Reichstag: The Nazis and the DNVP led by Alfred Hugenberg (288 + 52 seats). Reichswappen as depicted in the table: "Deutsches Reich: Wappen I" in: Farm labour in Germany, 1810–1945; its historical development within the framework of agricultural and social policy by Frieda Wunderlich, Industrial and Labour Information, Volume 20, International Labour Office, 1926, Modern Germany: society, economy and politics in the twentieth century by Volker R. Berghahn. Two hours later, a "Free Socialist Republic" was proclaimed, 2 km (1.2 mi) away, at the Berliner Stadtschloss. [62] Kaas is also reported as voicing the Holy See's desire for Hitler as bulwark against atheistic Russian nihilism previously as early as May 1932. The artistic design may be varied for each special purpose. There, sailors, soldiers, and workers began electing Workers' and Soldiers' Councils (Arbeiter und Soldatenräte) modelled after the Soviets of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Although technically in service of the republic, the army was predominantly officered by conservative reactionaries who were sympathetic to right-wing organisations. Because of the Nazis' narrow majority in the Reichstag, Centre's support was necessary to receive the required two-thirds majority vote. Cette République de Weimar a concentré durant ses 14 années d’existence un nombre important d’événements, dont certains auraient pu laisser prévoir une solution progressiste, grâce à l’action révolutionnaire, alors que d’autres ont participé à précipiter le … By the end of the year, over two hundred factories were working full-time to produce paper for the spiralling bank note production. la République de Weimar 1) L'Allemagne démocratique a) Traité de Versailles et la fin de la 1er guerre mondiale b) Conséquences du traité 2) La République de Weimar a) La In a legally questionable act, Imperial Chancellor (Reichskanzler) Prince Max of Baden transferred his powers to Friedrich Ebert, who, shattered by the monarchy's fall, reluctantly accepted. Kaas, the party's chairman since 1928, had strong connections to the Vatican Secretary of State, later Pope Pius XII. The Republic's first Reichspräsident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signed the new German constitution into law on 11 August 1919. The former Ernestine duchies continued briefly as republics before merging to form the state of Thuringia in 1920, except for Saxe-Coburg, which became part of Bavaria. [8] On 30 January 1933, Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor at the head of a coalition government. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. Conservatives and reactionaries feared that Germany was betraying its traditional values by adopting popular styles from abroad, particularly those Hollywood was popularising in American films, while New York became the global capital of fashion. Kaas is considered to have had a hand therefore in the drafting of the speech. Brüning's economic policy from 1930 to 1932 has been the subject of much debate. In 1922, now three years after the German signing of the Treaty of Versailles, meat consumption in the country had not increased since the war era. At that time, one U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 Rentenmark. Hans Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Band 4, 1. To centrist and conservative citizens, the country looked to be on the verge of a communist revolution. His primary goal was to remove Germany's reparation payments by convincing the Allies that they could no longer be paid. Prior to the First World War, the constituent states of the German Empire were 22 smaller monarchies, three republican city-states and the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The new government was expected to lead a political shift towards conservatism. While the official reparations were considerable, Germany ended up paying only a fraction of them. [37] Art and a new type of architecture taught at "Bauhaus" schools reflected the new ideas of the time, with artists such as George Grosz being fined for defaming the military and for blasphemy. To further undermine the Republic's credibility, some right-wingers (especially certain members of the former officer corps) also blamed an alleged conspiracy of Socialists and Jews for Germany's defeat in the First World War. “Republique is some of the most entertaining and clever dystopian fiction ever realized in game form.” 8.5/10 – Polygon “Special, new, and necessary.” 8.5/10 – IGN “If you’ve never played Republique before, this is the best way to experience it.” 8/10 – Hardcore Gamer By late 1931, the conservative movement was dead and Hindenburg and the Reichswehr had begun to contemplate dropping Brüning in favour of accommodating Hugenberg and Hitler. In 1926, Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as a permanent member, improving her international standing and giving the right to vote on League matters. In the four years following the First World War, the situation for German civilians remained dire. Hans von Seeckt, the head of the Reichswehr, declared that the army was not loyal to the democratic republic, and would only defend it if it were in their interests. La fin de la République de Weimar. The reasons for the Weimar Republic's collapse are the subject of continuing debate. At the end of 1933, Mecklenburg-Strelitz was merged with Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form a united Mecklenburg. "Either-Or: The Narrative of 'Crisis' in Weimar Germany and in Historiography,", This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 02:42. Le 6 février 1919, trois mois après l'armistice qui a mis fin à la Grande Guerre (1914-1918), une Assemblée constituante allemande se réunit dans le théâtre de Weimar, la ville de Goethe et Schiller, illustres représentants de l'âme allemande ! There were two notable de jure changes, however. Entités précédentes : * Empire allemand Entités suivantes : * Deuxième République de Pologne (1919) * Drapeau du Danemark Danemark (Jutland-du-Sud) (1920) * Drapeau de l'Allemagne nazie Reich allemand La république de Weimar (en allemand : Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪ.ma.ʁɐ ʁe.pu.ˈbliːk] ) est le nom donné par les historiens au régime politique en place en Allemagne de 1918 à 1933. The ensuing street fighting left several dead and injured on both sides. Au centre : 1. This was an agreement between American banks and the German government in which the American banks lent money to German banks with German assets as collateral to help it pay reparations. Hitler served less than eight months in a comfortable cell, receiving a daily stream of visitors before his release on 20 December 1924. Fritz-Helmut Wisch, Paul Martin and Marianne Martinson. [34], Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state, much additional currency was printed, fuelling a period of hyperinflation. From 1924 to 1929, the Republic enjoyed relative stability and prosperity. The first recorded mention of the term Republik von Weimar (Republic of Weimar) came during a speech delivered by Adolf Hitler at a National Socialist German Worker's Party rally in Munich on 24 February 1929. Brüning expected that the policy of deflation would temporarily worsen the economic situation before it began to improve, quickly increasing the German economy's competitiveness and then restoring its creditworthiness. It went into effect the following day, 24 March. The patterns kept by the Federal Ministry of the Interior are decisive for the heraldic design. This was the "stab-in-the-back myth" that was unceasingly propagated by the right in the 1920s and ensured that many monarchists and conservatives would refuse to support the government of what they called the "November criminals". Prominent features of this period were a growing economy and a consequent decrease in civil unrest. The state was officially the German Reich (Deutsches Reich), and was also referred to as the German Republic (Deutsche Republik). [20], With the Verordnung of 3 February 1919, the Ebert government reintroduced the original structure of the health insurance boards according to an 1883 law, with one-third employers and two-thirds members (i.e. Four Chancellors Brüning, Papen, Schleicher and, from 30 January to 23 March 1933, Hitler governed through presidential decree rather than through parliamentary consultation. A national assembly was convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for Germany was written and adopted on 11 August 1919. Germany was more susceptible to Americanization, because of the close economic links brought about by the Dawes plan. The new Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 sailors, remained fully under the control of the German officer class, despite their nominal re-organisation. Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union, German literature, cinema, theatre and musical works entered a phase of great creativity. In 1926, about 2 million Germans were unemployed, which rose to around 6 million in 1932. The National Assembly elections took place on 19 January 1919. The Weimar Republic retained the Reichsadler, but without the symbols of the former Monarchy (Crown, Collar, Breast shield with the Prussian Arms). Désireux de créer le système le plus démocratique qui soit, les constituants introduisent aussi le référendum d'initiative populaire mais aussi un mode de scrutin à la proportionnelle intégrale. The Act—formally titled the "Act for the Removal of Distress from People and Reich"—was passed by a vote of 441 to 94. It was made harder for estates to sack workers and prevent them from leaving when they wanted to; under the Provisional Act for Agricultural Labour of 23 November 1918 the normal period of notice for management, and for most resident labourers, was set at six weeks. The last years of the Weimar Republic was marred by even more systemic political instability than in the previous years as political violence increased. La découverte de centaine d’os interpelle les autorités. ... Weimar Germany 1919-29 revision for GCSE and IGCSE History - Duration: 11:00. Hitler's Nazi Party held two out of ten cabinet seats. Lorsqu'il apparaît aux militaires que la guerre est perdue, l'OHL demande qu'un nouveau gouvernement soit formé (le gouvernement civil existait déjà puisqu'au début de la guerre, cela avait été Bethmann-Hollweg, le chancelier au « chiffon de papier » ; il a… As a result, it was no longer possible to form a pro-republican majority, not even with a grand coalition that excluded the KPD, DNVP and NSDAP. After the introduction of the republic, the flag and coat of arms of Germany were officially altered to reflect the political changes. Allemagne -- Histoire -- 1918-1933 (République de Weimar) Condition économique. MLA (7th ed.) Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason, a minimum sentence for the charge. But the Reichswehr officers were not prepared for this, the working class had a natural distrust of their future allies, and the great capitalists and landowners also did not like the plans. The cabinet (under a previous interpretation of Article 48) ruled without a sitting Reichstag, which could vote only for its own dissolution. République de Weimar. Berlin intellectuals responded by condemning the excesses of what they considered capitalism, and demanding revolutionary changes on the cultural scenery. Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. The continued use of the term 'German Empire', Deutsches Reich, by the Weimar Republic ... conjured up an image among educated Germans that resonated far beyond the institutional structures Bismarck created: the successor to the Roman Empire; the vision of God's Empire here on earth; the universality of its claim to suzerainty; and a more prosaic but no less powerful sense, the concept of a German state that would include all German speakers in central Europe—'one People, one Reich, one Leader', as the Nazi slogan was to put it. [55] Anton Erkelenz, chairman of the German Democratic Party and a contemporary critic of Brüning, famously said that the policy of deflation is: A rightful attempt to release Germany from the grip of reparation payments, but in reality it meant nothing else than committing suicide because of fearing death. Later that day, the first cabinet meeting was attended by only two political parties, representing a minority in the Reichstag: The Nazis and the German National People's Party (DNVP), led by Alfred Hugenberg, with 196 and 52 seats respectively. After meeting with Centre leader Monsignor Ludwig Kaas and other Centre Trade Union leaders daily and denying them a substantial participation in the government, negotiation succeeded in respect of guarantees towards Catholic civil-servants and education issues. He explained that a deflation causes a decline of profits, asset prices and a still greater decline in the net worth of businesses. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. workers). The Nazis in power brought almost all major organisations into line under Nazi control or direction, which was termed Gleichschaltung. From 1930 onwards, President Paul von Hindenburg used emergency powers to back Chancellors Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen and General Kurt von Schleicher. Ils apprennent à vivre avec elle mais n’y adhèrent pas. The Communists' 81 seats had been empty since the Reichstag Fire Decree and other lesser known procedural measures, thus excluding their anticipated "No" votes from the balloting. in June 1922, who had been defamed as compliant "Erfüllungspolitiker" [de][b] with regard to the Treaty of Versailles. Chicago (Author-Date, 15th ed.) Le premier président de la République est Friedrich Ebert. As normal parliamentary lawmaking broke down and was replaced around 1930 by a series of emergency decrees, the decreasing popular legitimacy of the government further drove voters to extremist parties. According to the cliché, modern young women were Americanised, wearing makeup, short hair, smoking and breaking with traditional mores. On 22 March, the negotiations concluded; Hitler promised to continue the existence of the German states, agreed not to use the new grant of power to change the constitution, and promised to retain Zentrum members in the civil service. The Allies permitted only low import levels of goods that most Germans could not afford. The punitive reparations caused consternation and resentment, but the actual economic damage resulting from the Treaty of Versailles is difficult to determine. Inter no. Instead, the struggles induced by the First World War persisted for the decade following. The 1920s German inflation started when Germany had no goods to trade. Germany recognised the western borders that had been established through the Versaille Treaty, but its eastern borders remained subject to possible revisions. Under the Locarno Treaties, signed in 1925, Germany moved toward normalizing relations with its neighbors. Germany became a de facto republic on 9 November 1918 when Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated the German and Prussian thrones with no agreement made on a succession by his son Crown Prince Wilhelm. On 15 November 1923, a new currency, the Rentenmark, was introduced at the rate of one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for one Rentenmark, an action known as redenomination. A Soviet republic was declared in Munich, but was quickly put down by Freikorps and remnants of the regular army. [10] To the right of the spectrum, the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model and were appalled to see the honour of the traditional word Reich associated with it. This was against the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany to 100,000 soldiers and no conscription, naval forces of 15,000 men, twelve destroyers, six battleships, and six cruisers, no submarines or aircraft. [38], Not everyone, however, was happy with the changes taking place in Weimar culture. Other rebellions were put down in March 1921 in Saxony and Hamburg. The power takeover was achieved everywhere without loss of life. The strike meant that no "official" pronouncements could be published, and with the civil service out on strike, the Kapp government collapsed after only four days on 17 March. The Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the Reichswehr to 100,000 soldiers (consisting of seven infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions), 10 armoured cars and a navy (the Reichsmarine) restricted to 36 ships in active service. This period ended with Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933. The Freikorps units were formally disbanded in 1920 (although continued to exist in underground groups), and on 1 January 1921, a new Reichswehr (figuratively; Defence of the realm) was created. Le 6 février 1919, trois mois après l'armistice qui a mis fin à la Grande Guerre (1914-1918), une Assemblée constituante allemande se réunit dans le théâtre de Weimar, la ville de Goethe et Schiller, illustres représentants de l'âme allemande ! From 1923 to 1929, there was a short period of economic recovery, but the Great Depression of the 1930s led to a worldwide recession. La république de Weimar (Weimarer Republik) est le nom donné par les historiens au régime politique en place en Allemagne de 1918 à 1933. ", National Library of Israel.org: Weimar Republic collection, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weimar_Republic&oldid=995449634, States and territories disestablished in 1933, States and territories established in 1918, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from June 2020, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2011, Articles needing additional references from December 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Articles needing additional references from October 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Articles with German-language sources (de), Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, During the Weimar Republic, it was accepted that a law did not have to conform to the constitution as long as it had the support of two-thirds of parliament, the same majority needed to change the constitution (, Graf, Rüdiger. Historian Sally Marks says the 112 billion marks in "C bonds" were entirely chimerical—a device to fool the public into thinking Germany would pay much more. The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious economic problems ever experienced by any Western democracy in history. Histoire politique. Des milliers de professeurs, d’industriels, d’hommes politiques détestaient les nazis mais n’aimaient pas la République. Eyeing the Catholic Centre Party's 70 (plus 20 BVP) seats, Hitler refused their leader's demands for constitutional "concessions" (amounting to protection) and planned for dissolution of the Reichstag. On 20 March, negotiation began between Hitler and Frick on one side and the Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum) leaders—Kaas, Stegerwald and Hackelsburger on the other. Thus, the USPD left the "Council of the People's Deputies" after only seven weeks. The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar from 6 February 1919 to 11 August 1919,[9] but this name only became mainstream after 1933. In line with the contemporary economic theory (subsequently termed "leave-it-alone liquidationism"), he enacted a draconian policy of deflation and drastically cutting state expenditure. However, he also drew right-wing extremist hatred as a Jew (see also Weimar antisemitism). La République De Weimar, 1918-33 . In January, the Spartacus League and others in the streets of Berlin made more armed attempts to establish communism, known as the Spartacist uprising. Wolfgang Elz, "Foreign policy" in Anthony McElligott, ed., American Journal of Care for Cripples, Volume 8, Douglas C. McMurtrie, 1919, AQA History: The Development of Germany, 1871–1925 by Sally Waller. [citation needed], The treaty was signed June 28, 1919 and is easily divided into four categories: territorial issues, disarmament demands, reparations, and assignment of guilt. The growing dependence on American finance was to prove fleeting, and Germany was one of the worst hit nations in the Great Depression. Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Once civil stability had been restored, Stresemann began stabilising the German currency, which promoted confidence in the German economy and helped the recovery that was so greatly needed for the German nation to keep up with their reparation repayments, while at the same time feeding and supplying the nation. Privates were mainly recruited from the countryside, as it was believed that young men from cities were prone to socialist behaviour, which would fray the loyalty of the privates to their conservative officers. [24] In addition, undemocratic public institutions were abolished, involving, as noted by one writer, the disappearance "of the Prussian Upper House, the former Prussian Lower House that had been elected in accordance with the three-class suffrage, and the municipal councils that were also elected on the class vote".[25]. [22] The Provisional Order of January 1919 concerning agricultural labour conditions fixed 2,900 hours as a maximum per year, distributed as eight, ten, and eleven hours per day in four-monthly periods. The main advantage of this limitation, however, was that the Reichswehr could afford to pick the best recruits for service. André Larané a fondé Herodote.net en 2004 après une première carrière dans le journalisme scientifique. Innovative street theatre brought plays to the public, and the cabaret scene and jazz band became very popular. In 1928, however, the Reichswappen (Reich coat of arms) designed by Tobias Schwab (1887–1967) in 1926 (or 1924[15]) replaced it as the official emblem for the German Olympic team. In 1920, under massive French pressure, the Saar was separated from the Rhine Province and administered by the League of Nations until a plebiscite in 1935, when the region was returned to the Deutsches Reich. Therefore, Hitler refused ministry under Papen, and demanded the chancellorship for himself, but was rejected by Hindenburg on 13 August 1932.